用景观的方式解读设计

推荐语：《Form and Fabric in Landscape Architecture》是谢菲尔德大学和爱丁堡大学的本科必读书目之一，非常适合景观和规划专业的初学者。作者Catherine Dee是谢非尔大学景观专业的高级讲师，同时她也是一位艺术家。书中从非常基础的景观元素（比如地形/植物/构筑等方面）讲起，并结合作者自绘的插图进行讲解和分析，同时也进一步介绍了如何通过元素的布局去营造不同的氛围，提供用户不同的景观体验。

 

本书通过创造基于景观使用和体验的空间形态，为研究景观设计提供了一种原生的、可视化的方法。它通过提供一种结构来探索美学、空间和体验概念，通过这种结构，景观可以在设计中被理解和构思。“组织”是整个景观的整体结构，而“形式”指的是构成这种组织的成分。形式和组织共同创造了有利于视觉空间设计思维和意识发展的景观形态。

| 编者介绍 |

 

Catherine Dee 是景观设计专业的高级讲师，就任于英国谢菲尔德大学园林系。

Catherine Dee is SeniorLecturer in Landscape Design, Department of Landscape, University of Sheffield,UK.

 

 

 

| 内容介绍 |

 

一个形态学的设计过程

 

景观是活动的、动态的“生物文化”系统，同样也是复杂的空间结构。本书的目的是通过探索和定义作为设计材料的物理空间，促进三维设计的发展。“组织”是指整个景观的整体空间结构(以及设计的环境)，而“形态”则是这种组织的组成部分。形态和组织共同组成了一个有利于视觉空间设计的景观形态。

 

形态学分为七个部分。第一部分，景观组构，将景观视为一个整体，并定义了设计中需要的特质。接下来的五个部分将介绍空间、路径、边界、焦点和阈值。这五个部分是通过在景观中识别人们以不同的方式和特定的目的使用和体验的形式来构思的，因此需要设计师的具体考虑。最后一部分，“细节”，指的是近距离感觉和触觉体验的景观组成部分。

 

A morphology approach to design

 

While landscapes are living, dynamic, ‘bio-cultural’ systems, theycan also be thought of as complex, spatial ‘structures’.The aim of this book is to promote the development of a three-dimensionaldesign sensibility by exploring and defining the physical form of landscape as ‘material’ for design. ‘Fabric’ refers to the integrated spatialstructure of whole landscapes (as well as the context for design), while ‘form’refers to the components or parts that make up this fabric. Together form andfabric create a morphology of landscape that is useful for visual–spatialdesign thinking and awareness.

 

The morphology is organized into seven parts. The first of theseparts, landscape fabric, considers landscapes as integrated wholes and definesqualities considered desirable in design. The next five parts illustratespaces, paths, edges, foci and thresholds. These five parts have been conceivedby identifying forms in landscapes that are used and experienced by people indistinct ways and for particular purposes and therefore require specificconsideration by designers. The final part, detail, refers to ‘close up’,sensory and tactile landscape components. Although divided into these sections,this is essentially a book about relationships, wholes and the integration ofthese parts.

 

 

一个经验主义的设计过程

 

人类对景观的体验形成了书中的概念和对设计的理解。文中的图像不仅传达了景观的物理形态，也传达了这种形态的感官体验。这本书的另一个目的是鼓励设计师在体验和设计之间建立联系，文中的空间和物理体验是基于作者的景观的经验——移动，静止，观感，内心感受，触觉，说话，进食，居住，记忆等，同时参考其他关注人类对场所的体验的理论家和设计师的经验。

 

 

An experiential approach to design

 

This means that human experience of landscape helps to shape boththe concepts in the book and an understanding of design. It also means thatannotated images communicate not only landscape morphology but also theexperience of this morphology. The intention is to encourage designers to makeconnections between experience and design. The spatial and physical ideas in thebook are based on my experience of teaching landscape architecture and my ownexperiences of landscape: moving through it, stopping, looking, feeling, touching,talking, eating, sheltering, remembering. They are also strongly informed by awide range of design theorists and writers concerned with human experience andthe use of places.

 

 

一个视觉表达的设计过程

 

景观设计师主要通过视觉空间信息来学习设计。因此，这是一个图示手册。它通过绘画探索景观和设计的概念和物理尺度。它不描述或定义设计过程。相反，它提供了一种注释式的视觉叙事和结构，通过这种结构，景观可以在设计中被解释、理解和构思。这些图纸的价值还来自于它们描述图像制作的能力，这在风景园林实践中(除了其他视觉媒体，包括数字图像)仍然是有用的。手写的注释为绘画增添了多层含义，经常清晰地表达与所描绘的景观形式相关的活动和感受。这是为了加强体验式景观设计的概念。

 

A visual approach to design

 

Landscape architects learn to design primarily through visual–spatialinformation. This is therefore a visual manual. It explores conceptual andphysical dimensions of landscapes and design through drawings. It does not describeor define a design process. Instead it provides an annotated visual narrativeand structure through which landscapes can be interpreted, understood and conceivedin design. The value of the drawings comes also from their ability to describeimage making which is (still) useful in landscape architectural practice (inaddition to other visual media, including digital images). Handwrittenannotations add layers of meaning to the drawings, frequently articulatingactivities and feelings associated with the landscape forms illustrated. Thisis intended to reinforce the concept of experiential landscape architecture.

 

 

| 节选阅读 |

文中通过图示、标注、文字说明的手段言简意赅的详细阐述了各类景观场景的典型特征、组成、尺度、空间感受、以及单体和组合体的形式。尺度划分从“XL”直到“XS”，从整体、山体、到小游园、廊架、直至文末“detail”部分详细阐述各类“材料”的表面纹样和触觉体验。